Every preloaded library, open to read.

Consequences: Fatal or life-changing injury from fall; crush injuries from scaffold component failure; multiple casualties if platform collapses.

Controls: Scaffolding erected and inspected by CISRS competent person. Scaffold tag system, green tag before use. Edge protection on all platforms (guard rails, mid rails, toe boards). Access via internal ladder system. Daily visual inspection by scaffold user.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury; fractures, head and spinal injuries; prolonged absence from work.

Controls: Ladders only for short duration access (<30 mins). 1:4 ratio, tied or footed. 3-rung overlap minimum. Industrial grade EN 131 ladders only. Pre-use inspection. Podium steps preferred where practicable.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from fall or platform collapse; ejection from basket; crush between platform and structure.

Controls: IPAF trained and licenced operators only. Daily pre-use checks. Harness worn and attached to designated anchor. Ground conditions assessed. Exclusion zone at base. Wind speed monitored, stand down above 28mph.

Consequences: Serious head injury or fatality to personnel below; property damage; injury to public if beyond site boundary.

Controls: Toe boards and brick guards on all scaffolding. Tool lanyards used at height. Exclusion zone below work area clearly signed. Fan protection on public-facing scaffolding. Hard hats mandatory in all drop zones.

Consequences: Fatal fall through fragile surface; serious injuries from fall height; potential injury to personnel below.

Controls: Fragile surfaces identified and signed. Crawling boards / stagings provided. No walking on unprotected fragile surfaces. Nets below where possible. Briefing given to all operatives. Permit to work on fragile surfaces.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from unguarded void; fractures, head and spinal injuries; secondary injuries if landing on materials below.

Controls: All openings covered with clearly marked, secured covers capable of supporting loads. Barriers around open edges. Warning signage displayed. Daily checks on covers. Night-time security of void covers.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from fall off roof edge; fractures and head injuries; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Edge protection installed at all roof perimeters. Demarcation zones 2m from edge. Permit to work on roof. Harness and lanyard where edge protection impracticable. Weather monitoring, stand down in high winds/ice.

Consequences: Serious injury or fatality from fall or tower overturning; fractures, head and spinal injuries.

Controls: PASMA trained erectors only. Erected to manufacturer instruction and TG20. Outriggers deployed on all towers. Brakes applied when stationary. Tower not to be moved with personnel on platform. Maximum height per manufacturer spec.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury during erection phase; falls from beam height; secondary injury from falling tools or components.

Controls: Detailed erection sequence and method statement. Safety nets below working level. Harness and lanyard with inertia reel to designated anchor points. MEWP for bolt-up where possible. No walking along beams without fall arrest.

Consequences: Multiple injuries or fatalities from platform collapse under load; potential for multiple casualties.

Controls: Platform designed to support intended loads plus safety factor. Inspected before first use and at regular intervals. Components checked for damage. Load limits clearly displayed. Competent person to erect and inspect.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from fall down pitch; head and spinal injuries; fatality from fall to lower level below eaves.

Controls: Roof ladders and crawling boards provided. Eaves edge protection in place. Harness and lanyard for leading edge work. Netting below where feasible. No work in wet/icy conditions on pitched surfaces.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from fall through unsecured decking to the level below; multiple casualties if a bundle or panel gives way under load; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Decking landed and fixed in the sequence set out in the erection method statement, working from the fixed area back. Leading edge protection or fall arrest anchor points provided until decking is closed off. No loading of unfixed sheets beyond the point of fixing. Signage identifying unfixed areas. Safety netting below open decking where practicable.

Consequences: Fatal or serious injury from fall from height during climbing or aerial rescue; secondary injury from falling branches or equipment; entrapment in rigging.

Controls: Climbers hold current NPTC/Lantra climbing units. LOLER-inspected climbing system with two independent attachment points. Aerial rescue plan briefed before climbing and a second competent person on the ground at all times. MEWP used in preference to climbing where access allows. Pre-use inspection of all climbing and rigging equipment.

Consequences: Back injury, muscle tears, long-term musculoskeletal disorder; chronic pain; lost time injury; potential permanent disability.

Controls: Manual handling assessment completed. Mechanical aids used where loads exceed 25kg (trolleys, hoists, vacuum lifters). Team lifts briefed and used. Loads split into manageable sizes. Operatives trained in safe lifting techniques.

Consequences: Back and shoulder injury; crush injuries to fingers and hands from rolling materials; injury from dropped load.

Controls: Correct lifting aids provided (pipe trolleys, roller stands). Team lifts where needed. Route cleared and checked. PPE including rigger gloves. Materials stored at waist height where possible.

Consequences: Chronic upper limb disorder; back pain; carpal tunnel syndrome; long-term disability and loss of earning capacity.

Controls: Task rotation to vary posture. Regular breaks enforced (minimum 10 mins per hour for repetitive tasks). Ergonomic tools where available. Anti-fatigue matting for standing tasks.

Consequences: Back injury and muscle strain; foot or toe crush if materials dropped; slips on unstable packaging.

Controls: Trolleys and pallet trucks provided. Delivery vehicles to have tail lifts. Storage areas at working height. Good housekeeping, clear routes. Team lifts for awkward/heavy boxes.

Consequences: Fall on stairs leading to serious injury; back injury; foot injuries from dropped load; multiple injuries if load falls on others below.

Controls: Mechanical lifting preferred (hoist, crane). Stairs/slopes assessed for suitability. Handrails available. Materials moved in smaller loads. Good lighting. Non-slip surfaces.

Consequences: Back and shoulder injury; eye and face laceration from sheet edges; crush injury if sheet falls; wind-catching causing loss of control.

Controls: Board lifter/trolley provided. Two-person carry minimum for full sheets. Edge protectors used. Wind conditions checked for external transport. Materials stored flat, not leaning.

Consequences: Back and shoulder injury; hand and finger crush from drum and guides; repetitive strain from sustained pulling effort.

Controls: Cable drum jacks and rollers provided. Cable pulling winch for long runs. Cable guides at bends. Adequate manpower for manual pull. Drum brakes applied during payout.

Consequences: Crush and impact injuries from heavy steel; back injury; fatality if section falls; lacerations from sharp edges.

Controls: Crane/telehandler for all heavy lifts. Magnetic handlers for sheet steel. Team lifts only for light sections. Sharp edges protected. Rigger gloves mandatory. Tag lines for guiding loads.

Consequences: Fatal or serious crush injury; multiple fatalities if plant loses control; injuries to others in the path of movement.

Controls: Banksman for all reversing operations. Exclusion zones maintained and signed. Hi-vis PPE mandatory. Plant fitted with reversing alarms, cameras, and proximity sensors. Segregated pedestrian/vehicle routes.

Consequences: Amputation, degloving, crush injuries; fatality in severe cases; irreversible injury requiring prolonged treatment.

Controls: All guards in place before operation. LOTO isolation procedures followed. Only trained and authorised operators. Emergency stop accessible. Daily pre-use checks. Loose clothing/jewellery removed.

Consequences: Fatal crush injury to operator; serious injury from cab impact; machine damage and potential secondary hazard.

Controls: Ground conditions assessed by banksman before positioning. Machine matched to ground bearing capacity and slope. Seatbelt worn at all times. Outriggers deployed on all tracked/wheeled excavators fitted with them. No operation on slopes exceeding manufacturer limits. Daily pre-use checks recorded.

Consequences: Serious crush injury or fatality from vehicle collision; dropped load injuries; property damage.

Controls: CPCS/NPORS trained operator. Speed limit 5mph. Segregated routes. Load secured and balanced. Visibility, use banksman when load obstructs view. No passengers. Seatbelt worn.

Consequences: Deep lacerations and amputations; projectile injury from disc burst; eye damage; burns from sparks; fire.

Controls: Disc guards fitted and not removed. Correct disc for material and RPM. Dead-man switch functional. Full PPE: face shield, gloves, hearing protection. Hot work permit obtained before cutting near combustible materials. Fire extinguisher within 2m.

Consequences: Serious lacerations or amputations of fingers and hands; eye damage from debris; dust inhalation injury.

Controls: Guards correctly adjusted. Push sticks used. No loose clothing. Emergency stop accessible. Blade condition checked before use. Area clear of trip hazards. Dust extraction fitted.

Consequences: Fatal crush injury to operator from rollover; serious injury if ejected from cab; secondary hazard from load spillage.

Controls: Routes assessed and maintained, level and free of soft spots. ROPS fitted. Seatbelt worn. Speed limited to walking pace and reduced further on gradients or wet ground. No overloading. Tip on level ground only. Training and competence verified (CPCS/NPORS).

Consequences: Explosion or burst hose causing serious injury; whiplash injury from loose airline; hearing damage from noise; property damage.

Controls: LOLER/PSSR inspections current. Pressure relief valves functional. Hoses in good condition, daily check. No kinks or damage to airlines. Correct couplings used. Drained after use.

Consequences: Carbon monoxide poisoning leading to rapid incapacitation and fatality; serious neurological injury; potential for multiple casualties.

Controls: Generator positioned externally with exhaust away from openings. CO monitor in adjacent work areas. Adequate ventilation. Never run generator in enclosed/semi-enclosed space. Emergency procedure briefed.

Consequences: Penetrating injury from fastener; eye injury; potential fatality if fired near head; injury to bystanders.

Controls: Only trained operatives. Contact-trip trigger only (no bump fire). Never point at anyone. Safety glasses mandatory. Cartridge tool certification current. Area behind work face checked for services and people.

Consequences: Severe lacerations, amputation or fatality from chain contact; kickback injury to face and upper body; secondary injury to bystanders in the cutting zone.

Controls: Operators hold current NPTC/Lantra chainsaw competence units for the task, felling, cross-cutting or aerial use as applicable. Chainsaw pre-use checked, chain brake and guard functional. Full chainsaw PPE worn. Exclusion zone maintained around the operator. No lone working for felling operations.

Consequences: Fatal or serious crush injury from falling limb or stem; multiple casualties if exclusion zone breached; property damage.

Controls: Tree and site survey before work to plan felling direction and escape routes. Exclusion zone of at least one tree length maintained and signed. Hung-up limbs brought down by trained operatives before further work. Public protection, barriers and banksman where work is adjacent to a footpath or highway.

Consequences: Electric shock, cardiac arrest, burns and fatality; secondary falls if shock occurs at height; arc flash causing fire.

Controls: CAT scanner and Genny used before any penetration of walls/floors. Service drawings obtained and reviewed. Permit to dig/penetrate in place. Isolation confirmed by qualified electrician where working on electrical systems. Lock-off tags applied.

Consequences: Electrocution and fatality; arc flash causing fire and explosion; multiple casualties; power interruption affecting wider area.

Controls: Goal posts and bunting installed at line height. Height restrictors on plant. Safe working distance maintained (minimum 15m for HV). DNO consulted. Briefing to all plant operators. No plant within exclusion zone.

Consequences: Electric shock and burns; cardiac arrest; fire from electrical fault; secondary injuries from shock-induced fall.

Controls: PAT testing current on all equipment. 110V supply via CTE transformer. RCD protection on all circuits. Visual inspection before each use. Damaged equipment immediately removed from service and tagged.

Consequences: Electric shock, burns and cardiac arrest; fire from damaged wiring; prolonged site shutdown following serious incident.

Controls: Temporary electrical installation to BS 7671. Regular inspection by qualified electrician. Distribution boards locked. Cable routes protected, overhead or covered. No daisy-chaining of extension leads.

Consequences: Severe burns, blindness and fatality from arc flash; explosion causing injury to bystanders; fire damage to installation.

Controls: Dead working wherever possible. Risk assessment for live work. Arc-rated PPE worn. Insulated tools. Competent electrician only. Permit to work. Buddy system for live work. Arc flash boundary maintained.

Consequences: Electrocution and fatality from cable strike; gas explosion if gas main struck; flooding from water main; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: CAT and Genny scan before dig. Statutory utility records checked. Hand dig within 500mm of detected services. Insulated tools used. Permit to dig issued. Spotter present during machine dig near services.

Consequences: Severe eye injury from acid splash; chemical burns; fire from hydrogen gas ignition; long-term vision damage.

Controls: Battery charging in well-ventilated areas. No smoking or naked flames near charging. Eye wash station available. Acid-resistant gloves and goggles when handling. Correct charging procedures followed.

Consequences: Electric shock and burns from DC arcing, which is harder to extinguish than AC; fatality in severe cases; arc flash injury; secondary fall if shock occurs at height.

Controls: PV strings treated as live at all times panels are exposed to light, covering panels does not guarantee isolation. Work carried out by MCS-certified installers competent in PV DC systems. DC isolators fitted at panel and inverter per BS 7671 Section 712 and the IET Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar PV Systems. Insulated tools and test equipment used. Connectors made off before final connection to strings where practicable.

Consequences: Electric shock or fatality from exposed metalwork becoming live if the PEN conductor is lost upstream on a PME supply; risk transferred to the vehicle and charging equipment.

Controls: Installation designed and installed to BS 7671 Section 722 and the IET Code of Practice for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation. Open-PEN protective device fitted or earth rod installed per manufacturer instruction where the supply is PME and the charge point is outdoors. Earth loop impedance and RCD tested and recorded before commissioning. DNO notified per ENA Engineering Recommendation G98/G99 as applicable.

Consequences: Site fire spreading to structure; serious burns; fatality from smoke inhalation; costly property damage; HSE prosecution.

Controls: Hot work permit issued and signed off. Fire watcher during and 60 minutes after. Fire extinguisher within 2m. Combustibles cleared 10m radius or protected with fire blankets. Smoke detection locally isolated with permit.

Consequences: Explosion and rapid fire spread; serious burns; fatality; significant property destruction; evacuation of all site personnel.

Controls: COSHH storage cabinet for flammable liquids. No smoking within 10m. Quantities limited to daily use. Spill kit available. Emergency procedure displayed. Fire extinguisher adjacent.

Consequences: Serious burns to skin and eyes; fire ignition in surrounding area; ignition of clothing causing further injury.

Controls: Welding screens deployed. Fire-retardant overalls. Welding gauntlets and spats. Exclusion zone around welding area. No combustible material below. Spatter sheets in place.

Consequences: Explosion causing fatality and serious injury to multiple persons; fire from ignited gas; shrapnel injuries from cylinder failure.

Controls: Cylinders stored upright, chained, away from heat. Flashback arrestors fitted. Regulators in good condition. Leak test with soapy water. No grease on oxygen equipment. Cylinder trolley for transport.

Consequences: Burns and smoke inhalation; potential fatality; loss of welfare and site records; serious disruption to works.

Controls: Smoke detectors installed and tested. Fire extinguisher in each unit. Emergency exit clear. Electrical equipment PAT tested. No overloading sockets. Fire procedure displayed. Regular fire drills.

Consequences: Serious burns from hot bitumen contact; roof fire spreading to structure; fire from spilled heated bitumen.

Controls: Hot work permit. Gas torches attended at all times. Fire extinguisher within 2m. No naked flame within 2m of felt rolls. Cool-down period observed. Fire watch maintained after completion.

Consequences: Explosion and fire causing fatality and serious injury to multiple persons; structural damage; evacuation of the building.

Controls: Work carried out only by a Gas Safe registered engineer holding the correct ACS category for the appliance and installation type. Gas supply isolated at the meter before altering pipework. New pipework purged before appliance connection. Tightness test carried out to IGEM/UP/1B before the installation is put into use. No naked flame or hot work carried out near an unpurged system.

Consequences: Carbon monoxide poisoning causing rapid incapacitation and fatality; long-term neurological harm from sub-lethal exposure; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Flue and ventilation checked and confirmed adequate for the appliance before commissioning. Combustion performance analyser used to check flue gas readings on completion. CO alarm fitted and tested per manufacturer and Building Regulations requirements. Appliance not left in use if a spillage or flue fault is found, warning notice issued and gas supply capped at the appliance.

Consequences: Rapid incapacitation and fatality without warning; potential for multiple casualties including would-be rescuers without proper equipment.

Controls: Confined space risk assessment completed. Continuous gas monitoring before and during entry. Trained rescue team on standby. Permit to enter issued. Forced ventilation provided. Communication system in place. Tripod and winch for rescue.

Consequences: Fatality by drowning or burial; entrapment requiring prolonged rescue; potential for multiple casualties.

Controls: Space isolated from liquid/material inflow. Blanking plates fitted. Drain-down confirmed. Entry permit system. Rescue plan in place. No lone working. Emergency alarm system.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities from explosion in confined space; serious burns; structural damage; impossible rescue from collapsed confined space.

Controls: Gas monitoring for LEL before entry. No ignition sources unless permit allows. Intrinsically safe equipment only. Forced ventilation. Hot work permit additional to confined space permit.

Consequences: Panic, collapse and incapacitation; heat stroke requiring emergency evacuation; delayed response increasing risk of fatality.

Controls: Personnel medically fit and willing. Time limits on entry. Regular breaks. Adequate ventilation. Communication system. Buddy system. Emergency plan briefed. Cool drinking water available.

Consequences: Burial and fatality; serious crush injuries; prolonged and hazardous rescue operation; potential for multiple casualties.

Controls: Trench support (shoring/sheet piling) or batter back to safe angle per soil type. Edge protection barriers 1m from edge. Daily inspection by competent person. No materials stored within 1m of edge. Permit to dig. Means of escape at regular intervals.

Consequences: Electrocution and fatality from electrical cable; gas explosion and fire; flooding; serious injury to multiple persons from secondary effects.

Controls: Statutory records checked. CAT and Genny scan completed and marked. Hand dig within 500mm of detected services. Insulated hand tools. Permit to dig. Emergency procedure for gas/electric strikes briefed. Service positions marked with paint/pegs.

Consequences: Serious injuries including fractures and head injuries from fall; secondary risk of burial if sides unstable; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Barriers/guardrails around all excavations. Stop blocks for vehicles. Lighting at night. Warning signage. Pedestrian routes diverted. Banks graded for safe access. Access ladders provided within 6m of any operative.

Consequences: Drowning or entrapment; hypothermia; trench collapse from water-weakened sides; rapid flooding leaving no time to escape.

Controls: Weather forecast monitored. Pumping equipment available. Sump formed for water collection. No entry to flooded excavation. Ground water levels assessed. Emergency evacuation plan.

Consequences: Acute toxic exposure; skin and respiratory disease; long-term health effects from carcinogenic contaminants; environmental prosecution.

Controls: Desktop study and ground investigation reviewed. PPE for contaminated ground, coveralls, gloves, RPE. No eating/drinking in work area. Decontamination facilities. Monitoring for gases. Waste disposal to licensed facility.

Consequences: Fatality of operator from overturned machine in trench; serious crush injuries; secondary collapse of trench sides.

Controls: Stop blocks/bunds at edges. Banksman for plant near excavations. Safe working distance from edge (typically 1m per metre of depth). Ground stability assessed. No tracking parallel to open trench.

Consequences: Hearing damage from prolonged noise; vibration damage to adjacent structures; rig collapse causing fatality.

Controls: Piling mat in place. Exclusion zone during operations. Noise and vibration monitoring. Hearing protection mandatory. Rig inspected daily. Ground conditions assessed. Spotter during rig movement.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities from uncontrolled structural collapse; serious injuries across a wide area; prolonged site shutdown and HSE investigation.

Controls: Temporary works design by competent engineer (TWC/TWS). Erection sequence followed as per design. Bracing installed as steelwork progresses. Exclusion zone during lifts. No removal of bracing without engineer approval.

Consequences: Crush injuries and amputation; fatality from trapped between structural members; secondary fall injury if person loses balance.

Controls: Lift plan for all crane lifts. Slinger/signaller CPCS competent. Tag lines on all loads. Operatives stand clear during landing. Bolted connections secured before releasing crane. Pinch point awareness briefing.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities from concrete load collapse; serious injuries from impact with formwork; prolonged burial rescue operation.

Controls: Falsework designed to BS 5975. Erected by competent person. Independent check before loading. Props on sole plates. No early striking without engineer approval. Loading sequence controlled.

Consequences: Fatality or serious injury from falling precast element; secondary structural damage; possible injury to multiple personnel in exclusion zone.

Controls: Lift plan prepared. Slinger/signaller competent. Lifting inserts checked. Exclusion zone during lift. Temporary propping immediately after placement. No release until stable.

Consequences: Burial, serious injury or fatality from wall collapse; multiple casualties if collapse during occupied work period.

Controls: Walls built plumb and level. Wind speed limitations observed. Temporary bracing for freestanding walls. Wall ties installed at correct spacing. No overloading of scaffold with materials.

Consequences: Injury from escaping concrete; formwork component strike; property damage; delay to works from failed pour.

Controls: Formwork designed for pour pressure. Ties and props checked before pour. Pour rate controlled. Monitoring during pour. Stand clear of forms during striking. Emergency stop procedure for pump.

Consequences: Serious penetrating injury or fatality from falling onto an exposed bar; secondary injury from trips over projecting steel; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Rebar caps or proprietary protection fitted to all projecting starter bars, dowels and cages before any other work takes place in the area. Caps checked daily and replaced if displaced or damaged. Bars bent over or protected where caps are impractical. Area briefed at induction and highlighted on the site risk register.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities from crane collapse; widespread property destruction; potential injury to public beyond site boundary.

Controls: Crane erected and inspected per LOLER 1998. Ground bearing capacity assessed by competent person before positioning. Outrigger mats deployed. Wind speed monitoring, stand down per manufacturer limits. Certified operator (CPCS) working to an approved lift plan. Exclusion zone maintained during all lifting operations.

Consequences: Fatality or serious injury from dropped load; injuries from swinging load striking personnel; secondary structural damage.

Controls: Lift plan prepared and briefed. Slinger/signaller appointed and competent. Lifting accessories inspected and certified. Tag lines on all loads. Exclusion zone maintained. No working under suspended loads.

Consequences: Dropped load causing fatality or serious injury; secondary injury from swinging load; property damage.

Controls: All lifting accessories LOLER inspected (6-monthly). SWL clearly marked. Pre-use visual inspection. Damaged equipment immediately removed. Correct sling angle observed. No shock loading.

Consequences: Serious injury or fatality from jib strike; crush injuries in tail swing area; multiple casualties if jib sweeps occupied area.

Controls: Exclusion zone around crane radius. Barriers at tail swing area. Warning signage. Banksman positioned safely. Communication via radio. Crane operator visibility checks.

Consequences: Electrocution and fatality of operator or ground personnel; power interruption to wider area; fire from arc flash.

Controls: Overhead line survey before crane setup. Goal posts and bunting installed. Safe clearance distance maintained. DNO contacted if required. Crane radius limited to prevent oversail. Briefing to operator.

Consequences: Serious injury or fatality from dropped or swinging load; vehicle overturning causing crush injuries.

Controls: LOLER inspection current. Operator trained. Outriggers fully deployed on firm ground. SWL observed per load chart. No side loading. Area clear of personnel during lift. Delivery briefed to driver.

Consequences: Dropped glazing panel causing fatality or serious injury; secondary shattering injury from broken glass; fall from height if operative is attached.

Controls: Vacuum lifter LOLER inspected. Tested before each lift. Battery charge checked. Backup retention device where available. Exclusion zone below. Two-person handling. Wind speed monitored.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities and serious injuries from scaffold collapse; injury to public if scaffold faces highway; significant property damage.

Controls: Designed and erected by CISRS competent scaffolders. Compliant with TG20/SG4. Base plates on sole plates. Ties at correct spacing. Weekly inspection and after adverse weather. Scaffold tag system.

Consequences: Platform failure causing falls from height; partial or full scaffold collapse under excessive load; injuries to personnel below.

Controls: Load class clearly marked on scaffold tag. Material storage limits briefed. No stacking above guardrail height. Materials distributed evenly. No mechanical plant on scaffold without specific design.

Consequences: Scaffold destabilisation or collapse from vehicle impact; injury to scaffold users; falling materials onto passers-by.

Controls: Vehicle protection barriers installed. Height warning signs. Banksman for large vehicles. Scaffold base lit/signed at night. No vehicle parking within 2m of scaffold base.

Consequences: Hidden structural weakness leading to collapse; falls from height due to removed edge protection; injury to next user unaware of change.

Controls: Scaffold tag system, red tag if altered. Only CISRS scaffolders to modify. Toolbox talk on scaffold rules. Disciplinary action for unauthorised changes. Weekly inspection catches alterations.

Consequences: Multiple fatalities from uncontrolled collapse; widespread serious injuries; property damage to adjacent structures; prolonged HSE investigation.

Controls: Demolition plan prepared by competent engineer. Pre-demolition survey completed (structure, services, asbestos). Sequence followed strictly. Exclusion zone maintained. Temporary propping where needed. Continuous monitoring.

Consequences: Mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer, latent period of 15-50 years; fatal disease with no cure; potential for criminal prosecution.

Controls: Refurbishment/demolition asbestos survey completed (R&D survey) before works start. Licensed contractor for all ACM removal. Air monitoring during and after (four-stage clearance). Full enclosure with negative pressure unit for licensed removal work. RPE (FFP3 minimum, powered or supplied-air for licensed work) and disposable coveralls. Decontamination unit on site.

Consequences: Fatality or serious injury from falling masonry, steel or concrete; injury to public beyond hoarding; property damage.

Controls: Exclusion zone with hoarding. Debris netting/fans on perimeter scaffold. No public access within zone. Hard hat mandatory. Demolition sequence top-down. Materials lowered, not thrown.

Consequences: Silicosis and chronic lung disease from silica dust; respiratory disease from other demolition dusts; long-term disability; enforcement action.

Controls: Water suppression during all breaking/cutting. Dust screens on perimeter. RPE (minimum FFP3). Air monitoring. Damping down stockpiles. Wheel wash for vehicles leaving site.

Consequences: Electrocution and fatality from live cable; gas explosion from severed gas main; flooding from water main; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: All services isolated and capped before demolition begins. Isolation certificates obtained. Services traced and marked. Hand demolition near suspect services. Gas/electric emergency procedure briefed.

Consequences: Painful arc eye (photokeratitis) requiring medical treatment; long-term UV damage to vision; cataracts from chronic exposure.

Controls: Auto-darkening welding helmet (shade 10-13). Welding screens deployed. Warning signs displayed. Adjacent workers informed. No viewing arc without protection. Curtain/screen minimum 2m around work.

Consequences: Lung cancer from chronic fume exposure; siderosis; metal fume fever; respiratory sensitisation; occupational asthma; RIDDOR reportable occupational disease.

Controls: LEV (local exhaust ventilation) at point of welding. RPE (P3 filter minimum) where LEV insufficient. Weld in well-ventilated area or use extraction fan. Avoid welding galvanised/stainless without extraction. Health surveillance programme.

Consequences: Electric shock causing cardiac arrest; severe burns at contact points; secondary fall if shock occurs at height.

Controls: Equipment in good condition, daily check. Dry gloves and clothing. Insulated electrode holders. Earth return correctly connected. No welding in wet conditions without additional precautions. RCD protected supply.

Consequences: Flashback explosion causing serious burns and injury; hose fire; cylinder failure causing shrapnel and explosion; fatality in severe cases.

Controls: Flashback arrestors on both torch and regulator. Hoses in good condition. Correct lighting procedure. Purge lines before lighting. No grease on oxygen fittings. Cylinders stored upright and secured.

Consequences: Ignition of surrounding materials causing site fire; burn injuries from sparks on exposed skin; eye injury from spark contact.

Controls: Spark direction controlled. Fire blankets on combustibles. Grinding guard in place. Fire extinguisher within 2m. No grinding near flammable stores. Eye protection and face shield worn.

Consequences: Permanent, irreversible hearing loss; tinnitus; occupational deafness claim; RIDDOR reportable occupational disease.

Controls: Noise assessment completed. Hearing protection zones designated and signed. Ear defenders (minimum SNR 25) mandatory in zones. Low-noise methods selected. Time limits on high-noise exposure. Health surveillance.

Consequences: Permanent nerve and vascular damage to hands (vibration white finger); loss of dexterity; inability to work in cold; irreversible condition; compensation claims.

Controls: HAVS assessment completed. Low-vibration tools selected where possible. Exposure time limits enforced and monitored. Tool maintenance programme. Anti-vibration gloves. Operatives trained on HAVS symptoms. Health surveillance for regular users.

Consequences: Chronic spinal disorders and back pain; musculoskeletal damage; long-term disability; compensation claims; lost working time.

Controls: Suspension seats on all plant. Route maintenance to reduce roughness. Speed limits enforced. Time limits on operation. Operator health surveillance. Correct tyre pressures maintained.

Consequences: Silicosis (fatal, incurable lung disease); lung cancer; COPD; RIDDOR reportable occupational disease; HSE enforcement.

Controls: Water suppression on all cutting. On-tool dust extraction with H-class vacuum. RPE minimum FFP3. Enclosed cutting area where possible. Face-fit tested RPE. Health surveillance. COSHH assessment.

Consequences: Occupational asthma; nasal cancer from hardwood dust (RIDDOR reportable); chronic respiratory disease; sensitisation preventing further exposure.

Controls: On-tool extraction fitted to all power tools. Workshop extraction system. RPE (FFP2 minimum) for hand sanding or where extraction insufficient. Regular cleaning, no dry sweeping. Health surveillance for hardwood dust.

Consequences: Respiratory irritation and discomfort; dermatitis from skin contact with dust; potential for chronic respiratory symptoms with prolonged exposure.

Controls: Mix in ventilated area. RPE (FFP2) during mixing and sanding. Damp down before sweeping. Vacuum with H-class filter for sanding dust. Water-based products preferred.

Consequences: Metal fume fever; siderosis (iron lung deposits); lung disease from chromium/nickel compounds; occupational cancer risk from stainless/galvanised work.

Controls: LEV at point of generation. RPE (P3 filter) for grinding galvanised or stainless steel. Welding fume extraction. Well-ventilated work area. Health surveillance. Rotate operatives to limit exposure.

Consequences: Mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer, all potentially fatal with no cure; latent period of up to 50 years; criminal prosecution possible.

Controls: Asbestos survey reviewed. If suspect material found, STOP WORK and evacuate. Licensed contractor for removal. No disturbance of known ACMs. Asbestos awareness training for all operatives. Asbestos register checked before any work.

Consequences: Severe chromate dermatitis; chemical burns requiring hospitalisation; chronic skin sensitisation preventing further exposure; significant lost time.

Controls: Barrier cream applied before work. Nitrile or PVC gloves to EN 374 worn for all wet trades work. Long sleeves. Wash immediately if skin contact. First aid for cement burns, irrigate with clean water for 20 minutes and seek medical attention. Skin inspection programme (HAVS/dermatitis surveillance).

Consequences: Serious chemical burns requiring hospitalisation; permanent eye damage or blindness; long-term scarring; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: COSHH assessment completed. SDS available on site. Correct PPE per SDS (chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, apron). Eye wash station. Spillage procedure. Minimum quantities stored. Dilution per manufacturer.

Consequences: CNS depression, headache, nausea and loss of consciousness; long-term liver and kidney damage; fire risk from vapour ignition.

Controls: Water-based products preferred. Adequate ventilation. RPE with organic vapour cartridge where ventilation insufficient. COSHH assessment. No smoking in area. Exposure time limits.

Consequences: Permanent respiratory sensitisation (occupational asthma); allergic dermatitis; once sensitised, no further exposure possible; career-ending condition.

Controls: Respiratory sensitiser, RPE mandatory (minimum APF20). Chemical-resistant gloves. COSHH assessment. Health surveillance. No eating/drinking in work area. Contained mixing. Skin decontamination procedure.

Consequences: Lead poisoning causing neurological damage, kidney damage and reproductive harm; elevated blood lead levels; RIDDOR reportable occupational disease.

Controls: Lead paint survey before work. Chemical stripping preferred over heat/abrasive. RPE (P3 filter). Disposable overalls. Blood lead monitoring. Decontamination procedure. Waste as special waste.

Consequences: Serious injury or fatality from vehicle collision; crush injuries; RIDDOR reportable; potential HSE prosecution.

Controls: Segregated pedestrian/vehicle routes with barriers. One-way system where practical. Speed limit 5mph. Hi-vis mandatory. Banksman for all deliveries. Pedestrian crossings at conflict points.

Consequences: Crush injury or fatality from vehicle or load; injuries to nearby personnel; significant property damage.

Controls: Level hard standing for offloading. Ground conditions assessed. Outrigger mats for HIAB vehicles. Weight limits checked. Banksman present. Vehicle brakes applied and chocked.

Consequences: Fatal or serious crush injury from reversing vehicle; insufficient warning time in noisy environment; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Banksman for all reversing. Reversing alarms and cameras fitted. Exclusion zone behind reversing vehicles. Hi-vis mandatory. One-way system to minimise reversing. Briefing at induction.

Consequences: Road traffic accident involving public vehicles; serious injury or fatality; legal liability; site suspension from local authority.

Controls: Traffic management plan approved. Banksman at site access. Wheel wash to prevent mud on road. Warning signs on approach. Road sweeping if required. Speed restrictions on approach.

Consequences: Serious burns to operator; fire spreading to adjacent plant or materials; explosion risk if fuel tank involved; property damage.

Controls: Daily vehicle checks including fuel lines. No smoking near plant. Fuel stored in bunded area. Spill kit available. Fire extinguisher on all plant/vehicles. Emergency procedure briefed.

Consequences: Ecological damage to watercourse; EA enforcement notice or prosecution; significant remediation costs; reputational damage.

Controls: Spill kit on site. Drip trays under plant/fuel storage. Bunded fuel stores. No wash-out near drains. Silt fencing at boundary. Environmental incident procedure. EA contact details available.

Consequences: Ground contamination requiring costly remediation; EA enforcement; potential criminal prosecution; project delays.

Controls: Double-bunded fuel storage. Drip trays under plant. Spill kit at fuel store and on plant. Refuelling on hardstanding only. No overfilling. Designated refuelling point.

Consequences: Local authority enforcement notice; work stoppage order; complaint escalation; reputational damage; fines.

Controls: Working hours restricted per local authority (typically 08:00-18:00 Mon-Fri, 08:00-13:00 Sat). Noisy works planned away from sensitive receptors and scheduled for mid-shift. Acoustic barriers erected where boundary noise exceeds Section 61 consent limits. Neighbour liaison letter issued before noisy works.

Consequences: Environmental prosecution and fines; duty of care breach; illegal fly-tipping liability; EA enforcement; project reputational damage.

Controls: Waste segregation areas clearly signed. Skip labelling. Licensed waste carrier. Waste transfer notes retained. Site Waste Management Plan. Toolbox talk on waste segregation. No burning on site.

Consequences: Offence under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 with potential prosecution; ecological harm; work stoppage if a nest or protected species is found once clearance has started.

Controls: Clearance timed outside the bird nesting season (broadly March to August) where practicable. Ecologist survey before clearance where the site or vegetation has nesting potential. Check by a competent person for active nests immediately before work starts if timing cannot avoid the season. Work stopped and ecologist advice sought immediately if an active nest or protected species is found.

Consequences: Fractures, head injuries and sprains; lost time injury; secondary injury from falling into other hazards or materials.

Controls: Good housekeeping maintained throughout shift. Cable routes protected or overhead. Adequate lighting. Walkways kept clear and signed. Anti-slip surfaces on ramps. Immediate clean-up of spills.

Consequences: Falls from height in high winds or ice; exposure and hypothermia; lightning strike; vehicle accidents on icy site roads.

Controls: Weather forecast checked daily. Work at height suspended in high winds (>17mph for most tasks). Additional PPE for cold/wet conditions. Lightning procedure, shelter and stand down. Ice treatment on walkways.

Consequences: Injury to trespasser (especially children) leading to civil liability; vandalism causing damage and danger; theft of plant or materials.

Controls: Hoarding/fencing secure (2.4m minimum). Site locked when unattended. Construction site warning signage displayed at all access points. CCTV covering entrances and compound on high-value sites. Security guard for high-risk sites. Banksman at vehicle access during working hours.

Consequences: Falls, trips and injuries due to poor visibility; failure to identify hazards; near-miss incidents increasing.

Controls: Task lighting provided for all work areas. Minimum 200 lux for general construction, 500 lux for detailed work. Emergency lighting on escape routes. Portable lighting maintained and PAT tested.

Consequences: Undetected injury or illness; delayed emergency response increasing severity; fatality in cases where prompt assistance would have saved life.

Controls: Lone working risk assessment. Check-in system (buddy calls every 30 mins). No high-risk activities alone. Mobile phone charged and in service. First aid kit available. Emergency contact details carried.

Consequences: Illness from lack of sanitation; dehydration; morale and productivity impact; HSE enforcement notice; potential prohibition.

Controls: Toilet and washing facilities maintained. Hot and cold water. Drying room. Rest area with seating and heating. Clean drinking water. Facilities for heating food. Cleaned daily.

Consequences: Blood-borne virus exposure (HIV, Hepatitis B and C); serious long-term illness; significant psychological distress; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Pre-start survey of area. Gloves worn during clearance. Sharps bin available. No hand-picking of sharps, use grabbers. Hepatitis B vaccination offered. Incident procedure for needle stick.

Consequences: Heat exhaustion and heat stroke requiring immediate medical treatment; fatality in extreme cases; cognitive impairment increasing accident risk.

Controls: Regular water breaks (every 20 mins in hot conditions). Shade provided where possible. Sunscreen available. Lightweight clothing. Schedule heavy work for cooler periods. First aiders briefed on heat illness symptoms.

Consequences: Leptospirosis infection, flu-like illness progressing to organ failure; potential fatality; prolonged recovery; RIDDOR reportable.

Controls: Avoid contact with stagnant water. Cuts and abrasions covered with waterproof dressings. Wash hands before eating. Awareness briefing. Report flu-like symptoms to site manager and GP. Mention occupational exposure.